International Atomic Energy Agency
Information Circular
(Unofficial electronic edition)
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INFCIRC/495
January 1996
GENERAL Distr.
Original: ENGLISH and RUSSIAN
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Agreement of 14 April 1995 between the Republic of
Belarus and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the
Application of Safeguards in Connection with the Treaty on the
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
- The text of the Agreement between the Republic of Belarus and
the International Atomic Energy Agency for the application of
safeguards in connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation
of Nuclear Weapons is reproduced in this document for the
information of all Members. The Agreement was approved by the
Agency's Board of Governors on 12 September 1994 and signed in
Vienna on 22 November 1994 and in Minsk on 14 April 1995.
- The Agreement entered into force, pursuant to Article 24, on
2 August 1995.
Agreement between the Republic of Belarus and the International
Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in
Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of
Nuclear Weapons
WHEREAS the Republic of Belarus (hereinafter referred to as
"Belarus") is a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of
Nuclear Weapons (hereinafter referred to as "the Treaty")
(Reproduced in document
INFCIRC/140) opened for signature
at London, Moscow and Washington on 1 July 1968 and which entered
into force on 5 March 1970;
WHEREAS paragraph 1 of Article III of the Treaty reads as
follows:
"Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes
to accept safeguards, as set forth in an agreement to be
negotiated and concluded with the International Atomic Energy
Agency in accordance with the Statute of the International Atomic
Energy Agency and the Agency's safeguards system, for the
exclusive purpose of verification of the fulfillment of its
obligations assumed under this Treaty with a view to preventing
diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons
or other nuclear explosive devices. Procedures for the safeguards
required by this Article shall be followed with respect to source
or special fissionable material whether it is being produced,
processed or used in any principal nuclear facility or is outside
any such facility. The safeguards required by this Article shall
be applied on all source or special fissionable material in all
peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of such State,
under its jurisdiction, or carried out under its control
anywhere".
WHEREAS the International Atomic Energy Agency (hereinafter
referred to as "the Agency") is authorized, pursuant to Article
III of its Statute, to conclude such agreements;
NOW THEREFORE Belarus and the Agency have agreed as follows:
PART I
BASIC UNDERTAKING
Article l
Belarus undertakes, pursuant to paragraph I of Article III of the
Treaty, to accept safeguards in accordance with the terms of
this Agreement, on all source or special fissionable material in
all peaceful nuclear activities within its territory, under its
jurisdiction or carried out under its control anywhere, for the
exclusive purpose of verifying that such material is not
diverted to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
APPLICATION OF SAFEGUARDS
Article 2
The Agency shall have the right and the obligation to ensure
that safeguards will be applied in accordance with the terms of
this Agreement, on all source or special fissionable material in
all peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of Belarus,
under its jurisdiction or carried out under its control anywhere,
for the exclusive purpose of verifying that such material is not
diverted to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
CO-OPERATION BETWEEN BELARUS AND THE AGENCY
Article 3
Belarus and the Agency shall co-operate to facilitate the
implementation of the safeguards provided for in this Agreement.
IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFEGUARDS
The safeguards provided for in this Agreement shall be
implemented in a manner designed:
- to avoid hampering the economic and technological
development of Belarus or international co-operation in the field
of peaceful nuclear activities, including international exchange
of nuclear material;
- to avoid undue interference in Belarus's peaceful nuclear
activities, and in particular in the operation of facilities; and
- to be consistent with prudent management practices
required for the economic and safe conduct of nuclear activities.
Article 5
- The Agency shall take every precaution to protect commercial
and industrial secrets and other confidential information coming
to its knowledge in the implementation of this Agreement.
-
- The Agency shall not publish or communicate to any
State, organization or person any information obtained by it in
connection with the implementation of this Agreement, except that
specific information relating to the implementation thereof may
be given to the Board of Governors of the Agency (hereinafter
referred to as "the Board") and to such Agency staff
members as require such knowledge by reason of their official
duties in connection with safeguards, but only to the extent
necessary for the Agency to fulfil its responsibilities in
implementing this Agreement.
- Summarized information on nuclear material subject to
safeguards under this Agreement may be published upon decision of
the Board if the States directly concerned agree thereto.
Article 6
- The Agency shall, in implementing safeguards pursuant to this
Agreement, take full account of technological developments in the
field of safeguards, and shall make every effort to ensure
optimum cost-effectiveness and the application of the principle
of safeguarding effectively the flow of nuclear material subject
to safeguards under this Agreement by use of instruments and
other techniques at certain strategic points to the
extent that present or future technology permits.
- In order to ensure optimum cost-effectiveness, use shall be
made, for example, of such means as:
- containment as a means of defining material balance areas
for accounting purposes;
- statistical techniques and random sampling in evaluating
the flow of nuclear material; and
- concentration of verification procedures on those
stages in the nuclear fuel cycle involving the production,
processing, use or storage of nuclear material from which nuclear
weapons or other nuclear explosive devices could readily be made,
and minimization of verification procedures in respect of other
nuclear material, on condition that this does not hamper the
Agency in applying safeguards under this Agreement.
NATIONAL SYSTEM OF MATERIALS CONTROL
Article 7
- Belarus shall establish and maintain a system of
accounting for and control of all nuclear material subject to
safeguards under this Agreement.
- The Agency shall apply safeguards in such a manner as to
enable it to verify, in ascertaining that there has been no
diversion of nuclear material from peaceful uses to nuclear
weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, findings of Belarus's
system. The Agency's verification shall include, inter alia,
independent measurements and observations conducted by the Agency
in accordance with the procedures specified in Part II of this
Agreement. The Agency, in its verification, shall take due
account of the technical effectiveness of Belarus's system.
PROVISION OF INFORMATION TO THE AGENCY
Article 8
- In order to ensure the effective implementation of
safeguards under this Agreement, Belarus shall, in accordance
with the provisions set out in Part II of this Agreement, provide
the Agency with information concerning nuclear material subject
to safeguards under this Agreement and the features of facilities
relevant to safeguarding such material.
-
- The Agency shall require only the minimum amount of
information and data consistent with carrying out its
responsibilities under this Agreement.
- Information pertaining to facilities shall be the
minimum necessary for safeguarding nuclear material subject to
safeguards under this Agreement.
- If Belarus so requests, the Agency shall be prepared to
examine on premises of Belarus design information which Belarus
regards as being of particular sensitivity. Such information need
not be physically transmitted to the Agency provided that it
remains readily available for further examination by the Agency
on premises of Belarus.
AGENCY INSPECTORS
Article 9
-
- The Agency shall secure the consent of Belarus to the
designation of Agency inspectors to Belarus.
- If Belarus, either upon proposal of a designation or at any
other time after designation has been made, objects to the
designation, the Agency shall propose to Belarus an alternative
designation or designations.
- If, as a result of the repeated refusal of Belarus to
accept the designation of Agency inspectors, inspections to be
conducted under this Agreement would be impeded, such refusal
shall be considered by the Board, upon referral by the Director
General of the Agency (hereinafter referred to as "the Director
General"), with a view to its taking appropriate action.
- Belarus shall take the necessary steps to ensure that Agency
inspectors can effectively discharge their functions under this
Agreement.
- The visits and activities of Agency inspectors shall be
so arranged as:
- to reduce to a minimum possible inconvenience and
disturbance to Belarus and to the peaceful nuclear activities
inspected; and
- to ensure protection of industrial secrets or any other
confidential information coming to the inspectors' knowledge.
PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES
Article 10
Belarus shall apply to the Agency (including its property, funds
and assets) and to its inspectors and other officials, performing
functions under this Agreement, the relevant provisions of the
Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International
Atomic Energy Agency (Reproduced in document INFCIRC/9/Rev.2).
TERMINATION OF SAFEGUARDS
Article 11
Consumption or dilution of nuclear material
Safeguards shall terminate on nuclear material upon determination
by the Agency that the material has been consumed, or has
been diluted in such a way that it is no longer usable for any
nuclear activity relevant from the point of view of safeguards,
or has become practicably irrecoverable.
Article 12
Transfer of nuclear material out of Belarus
Belarus shall give the Agency advance notification of intended
transfers of nuclear material subject to safeguards under this
Agreement out of Belarus, in accordance with the provisions set
out in Part II of this Agreement. The Agency shall terminate
safeguards on nuclear material under this Agreement when the
recipient State has assumed responsibility therefor, as provided
for in Part 11 of this Agreement. The Agency shall maintain
records indicating each transfer and, where applicable
the re-application of safeguards to the transferred nuclear
material.
Article 13
Provisions relating to nuclear material to be used in non-nuclear
activities
Where nuclear material subject to safeguards under this Agreement
is to be used in non-nuclear activities, such as the production
of alloys or ceramics, Belarus shall agree with the Agency,
before the material is so used, on the circumstances under which
the safeguards on such material may be terminated.
NON-APPLICATION OF SAFEGUARDS TO NUCLEAR MATERIAL TO BE
USED IN NON-PEACEFUL ACTIVITIES
Article 14
If Belarus intends to exercise its discretion to use nuclear
material which is required to be safeguarded under this
Agreement in a nuclear activity which does not require the
application of safeguards under this Agreement, the following
procedures shall apply:
- Belarus shall inform the Agency of the activity, making it
clear:
- that the use of the nuclear material in a non-proscribed
military activity will not be in conflict with an undertaking
Belarus may have given and in respect of which Agency safeguards
apply, that the material will be used only in a peaceful nuclear
activity; and
- that during the period of non-application of safeguards
the nuclear material will not be used for the production of
nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices;
- Belarus and the Agency shall make an arrangement so that,
only while the nuclear material is in such an activity, the
safeguards provided for in this Agreement will not be applied.
The arrangement shall identify, to the extent possible, the
period or circumstances during which safeguards will not be
applied. In any event, the safeguards provided for in this
Agreement shall apply again as soon as the nuclear material is
reintroduced into a peaceful nuclear activity. The Agency shall
be kept informed of the total quantity and composition of such
unsafeguarded material in Belarus and of any export of such
material; and
- each arrangement shall be made in agreement with the
Agency. Such agreement shall be given as promptly as possible and
shall relate only to such matters as, inter alia, temporal and
procedural provisions and reporting arrangements, but shall not
involve any approval or classified knowledge of the military
activity or relate to the use of the nuclear material therein.
FINANCE
Article 15
Belarus and the Agency will bear the expenses incurred by them in
implementing their respective responsibilities under this
Agreement. However, if Belarus or persons under its jurisdiction
incur extraordinary expenses as a result of a specific request
by the Agency, the Agency shall reimburse such expenses provided
that it has agreed in advance to do so. In any case the Agency
shall bear the cost of any additional measuring or sampling
which inspectors may request.
THIRD PARTY LIABILITY FOR NUCLEAR DAMAGE
Article 16
Belarus shall ensure that any protection against third party
liability in respect of nuclear damage, including any insurance
or other financial security, which may be available under its
laws or regulations shall apply to the Agency and its officials
for the purpose of the implementation of this Agreement, in the
same way as that protection applies to nationals of Belarus.
INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
Article 17
Any claim by Belarus against the Agency or by the Agency against
Belarus in respect of any damage resulting from the
implementation of safeguards under this Agreement, other than
damage arising out of a nuclear incident, shall be settled in
accordance with international law.
MEASURES IN RELATION TO VERIFICATION OF NON-DIVERSION
Article 18
If the Board, upon report of the Director General, decides that
an action by Belarus is essential and urgent in order to ensure
verification that nuclear material subject to safeguards under
this Agreement is not diverted to nuclear weapons or other
nuclear explosive devices, the Board may call upon Belarus to
take the required action without delay, irrespective of whether
procedures have been invoked pursuant to Article 22 of this
Agreement for the settlement of a dispute.
Article 19
If the Board, upon examination of relevant information reported
to it by the Director General, finds that the Agency is not able
to verify that there has been no diversion of nuclear material
required to be safeguarded under this Agreement to nuclear
weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, it may make the
reports provided for in paragraph C of Article XII of the Statute
of the Agency (hereinafter referred to as "the Statute") and may
also take, where applicable, the other measures provided for in
that paragraph. In taking such action the Board shall take
account of the degree of assurance provided by the safeguards
measures that have been applied and shall afford Belarus every
reasonable opportunity to furnish the Board with any necessary
reassurance.
INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF THE AGREEMENT AND SETTLEMENT OF
DISPUTES
Article 20
Belarus and the Agency shall, at the request of either, consult
about any question arising out of the interpretation or
application of this Agreement.
Article 21
Belarus shall have the right to request that any question arising
out of the interpretation or application of this Agreement be
considered by the Board. The Board shall invite Belarus to
participate in the discussion of any such question by the Board.
Article 22
Any dispute arising out of the interpretation or application of
this Agreement, except a dispute with regard to a finding by the
Board under Article 19 or an action taken by the Board pursuant
to such a finding, which is not settled by negotiation or another
procedure agreed to by Belarus and the Agency shall, at the
request of either, be submitted to an arbitral tribunal composed
as follows: Belarus and the Agency shall each designate one
arbitrator, and the two arbitrators so designated shall elect
a third, who shall be the Chairman. If, within thirty days of
the request for arbitration, either Belarus or the Agency has not
designated an arbitrator, either Belarus or the Agency may
request the President of the International Court of Justice to
appoint an arbitrator. The same procedure shall apply if, within
thirty days of the designation or appointment of the second
arbitrator, the third arbitrator has not been elected. A majority
of the members of the arbitral tribunal shall constitute a
quorum, and all decisions shall require the concurrence of two
arbitrators. The arbitral procedure shall be fixed by the
tribunal. The decisions of the tribunal shall be binding on
Belarus and the Agency.
AMENDMENT OF THE AGREEMENT
Article 23
- Belarus and the Agency shall, at the request of either,
consult each other on amendment to this Agreement.
- All amendments shall require the agreement of Belarus and
the Agency.
- Amendments to this Agreement shall enter into force in
the same conditions as entry into force of the Agreement itself.
- The Director General shall promptly inform all Member
States of the Agency of any amendment to this Agreement.
ENTRY INTO FORCE AND DURATION
Article 24
This Agreement shall enter into force on the date upon which the
Agency receives from Belarus written notification that Belarus's
statutory and constitutional requirements for entry into force
have been met. The Director General shall promptly inform all
Member States of the Agency of the entry into force of this
Agreement.
Article 25
This Agreement shall remain in force as long as Belarus is party
to the Treaty.
PART II
INTRODUCTION
Article 26
The purpose of this part of the Agreement is to specify the
procedures to be applied in the implementation of the safeguards
provisions of Part I.
OBJECTIVE OF SAFEGUARDS
Article 27
The objective of the safeguards procedures set forth in this part
of the Agreement is the timely detection of diversion of
significant quantities of nuclear material from peaceful nuclear
activities to the manufacture of nuclear weapons or of other
nuclear explosive devices or for purposes unknown and deterrence
of such diversion by the risk of early detection.
Article 28
For the purpose of achieving the objective set forth in Article
27, material accountancy shall be used as a safeguards measure of
fundamental importance, with containment and surveillance as
important complementary measures.
Article 29
The technical conclusion of the Agency's verification activities
shall be a statement, in respect of each material balance area,
of the amount of material unaccounted for over a specific
period, and giving the limits of accuracy of the amounts stated.
NATIONAL SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING FOR AND CONTROL OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL
Article 30
Pursuant to Article 7 the Agency, in carrying out its
verification activities, shall make full use of Belarus's system
of accounting for and control of all nuclear material subject to
safeguards under this Agreement and shall avoid unnecessary
duplication of Belarus's accounting and control activities.
Article 31
Belarus's system of accounting for and control of all nuclear
material subject to safeguards under this Agreement shall be
based on a structure of material balance areas, and shall make
provision, as appropriate and specified in the Subsidiary
Arrangements, for the establishment of such measures as:
- measurement system for the determination of the
quantities of nuclear material received, produced, shipped, lost
or otherwise removed from inventory, and the quantities on
inventory;
- the evaluation of precision and accuracy of measurements
and the estimation of measurement uncertainty;
- procedures for identifying, reviewing and evaluating
differences in shipper/receiver measurements;
- procedures for taking a physical inventory;
- procedures for the evaluation of accumulations of
unmeasured inventory and unmeasured losses;
- a system of records and reports showing, for each
material balance area, the inventory of nuclear material and the
changes in that inventory including receipts into and transfers
out of the material balance area;
- provisions to ensure that the accounting procedures an(l
arrangements are being operated correctly; and
- procedures for the provision of reports to the Agency in
accordance with Articles 58-68.
STARTING POINT OF SAFEGUARDS
Article 32
Safeguards under this Agreement shall not apply to material in
mining or ore processing activities.
Article 33
- When any material containing uranium or thorium which has
not reached the stage of the nuclear fuel cycle described in
paragraph (c) is directly or indirectly exported to a
non-nuclear-weapon State, Belarus shall inform the Agency of its
quantity, composition and destination, unless the material is
exported for specifically non-nuclear purposes;
- When any material containing uranium or thorium which has
not reached the stage of the nuclear fuel cycle described in
paragraph (c) is imported, Belarus shall inform the Agency of its
quantity and composition, unless the material is imported for
specifically non-nuclear purposes; and
- When any nuclear material of a composition and purity
suitable for fuel fabrication or for isotopic enrichment leaves
the plant or the process stage in which it has been produced, or
when such nuclear material, or any other nuclear material
produced at a later stage in the nuclear fuel cycle, is imported
into Belarus, the nuclear material shall become subject to the
other safeguards procedures specified in this Agreement.
TERMINATION OF SAFEGUARDS
Article 34
- Safeguards shall terminate on nuclear material subject to
safeguards under this Agreement, under the conditions set forth
in Article 11. Where the conditions of that Article are not met,
but Belarus considers that the recovery of safeguarded nuclear
material from residues is not for the time being practicable or
desirable, Belarus and the Agency shall consult on the
appropriate safeguards measures to be applied.
- Safeguards shall terminate on nuclear material subject to
safeguards under this Agreement, under the conditions set forth
in Article 13, provided that Belarus and the Agency agree that
such nuclear material is practicably irrecoverable.
EXEMPTIONS FROM SAFEGUARDS
Article 35
At the request of Belarus, the Agency shall exempt nuclear
material from safeguards, as follows:
- special fissionable material, when it is used in gram
quantities or less as a sensing component in instruments;
- nuclear material, when it is used in non-nuclear
activities in accordance with Article 13, if such nuclear
material is recoverable; and
- plutonium with an isotopic concentration of plutonium-238
exceeding 80%.
Article 36
At the request of Belarus the Agency shall exempt from safeguards
nuclear material that would otherwise be subject to safeguards,
provided that the total quantity of nuclear material which has
been exempted in Belarus in accordance with this Article may not
at any time exceed:
- one kilogram in total of special fissionable material,
which may consist of one or more of the following:
- plutonium;
- uranium with an enrichment of 0.2 (20%) and above, taken
account of by multiplying its weight by its enrichment; and
- uranium with an enrichment below 0.2 (20%) and above
that of natural uranium, taken account of by multiplying its
weight by five times the square of its enrichment;
- ten metric tons in total of natural uranium and depleted
uranium with an enrichment above 0.005 (0.5%);
- twenty metric tons of depleted uranium with an
enrichment of 0.005 (0.5%) or below; and
- twenty metric tons of thorium;
or such greater amounts as may be specified by the Board for
uniform application.
Article 37
If exempted nuclear material is to be processed or stored
together with nuclear material subject to safeguards under this
Agreement, provision shall be made for the re-application of
safeguards thereto.
SUBSIDIARY ARRANGEMENTS
Article 38
Belarus and the Agency shall make Subsidiary Arrangements
which shall specify in detail, to the extent necessary to permit
the Agency to fulfil its responsibilities under this Agreement in
an effective and efficient manner, how the procedures laid down
in this Agreement are to be applied. The Subsidiary Arrangements
may be extended or changed by agreement between Belarus and the
Agency without amendment of this Agreement.
Article 39
The Subsidiary Arrangements shall enter into force at the same
time as, or as soon as possible after, the entry into force of
this Agreement. Belarus and the Agency shall make every effort to
achieve their entry into force within ninety days of the entry
into force of this Agreement; an extension of that period shall
require agreement between Belarus and the Agency. Belarus shall
provide the Agency promptly with the information required for
completing the Subsidiary Arrangements. Upon the entry into force
of this Agreement, the Agency shall have the right to apply the
procedures laid down therein in respect of the nuclear material
listed in the inventory provided for in Article 40, even if the
Subsidiary Arrangements have not yet entered into force.
INVENTORY
Article 40
On the basis of the initial report referred to in Article 61, the
Agency shall establish a unified inventory of all nuclear
material in Belarus subject to safeguards under this Agreement,
irrespective of its origin, and shall maintain this inventory on
the basis of subsequent reports and of the results o its
verification activities. Copies of the inventory shall be made
available to Belarus at intervals to be agreed
DESIGN INFORMATION
General provisions
Article 41
Pursuant to Article 8, design information in respect of existing
facilities shall be provided to the Agency during the discussion
of the Subsidiary Arrangements. The time limits for the provision
of design information in respect of the new facilities shall be
specified in the Subsidiary Arrangements and such information
shall be provided as early as possible before nuclear material
is introduced into a new facility.
Article 42
The design information to be provided to the Agency shall
include, in respect of each facility, when applicable:
- the identification of the facility, stating its general
character, purpose, nominal capacity and geographic location, and
the name and address to be used for routine business purposes;
- a description of the general arrangement of the facility
with reference, to the extent feasible, to the form, location and
flow of nuclear material and to the general layout of important
items of equipment which use, produce or process nuclear
material;
- a description of features of the facility relating to
material accountancy, containment and surveillance; and
- a description of the existing and proposed procedures at
the facility for nuclear material accountancy and control, with
special reference to material balance areas established by the
operator, measurements of flow and procedures for physical
inventory taking.
Article 43
Other information relevant to the application of safeguards shall
also be provided to the Agency in respect of each facility, in
particular on organizational responsibility for material
accountancy and control. Belarus shall provide the Agency with
supplementary information on the health and safety procedures
which the Agency shall observe and with which the inspectors
shall comply at the facility.
Article 44
The Agency shall be provided with design information in respect
of a modification relevant for safeguards purposes, for
examination, and shall be informed of any change in the
information provided to it under Article 43, sufficiently in
advance for the safeguards procedures to be adjusted
when necessary.
Article 45
Purposes of examination of design information
The design information provided to the Agency shall be used for
the following purposes:
- to identify the features of facilities and nuclear
material relevant to the application of safeguards to nuclear
material in sufficient detail to facilitate verification;
- to determine material balance areas to be used for Agency
accounting purposes and to select those strategic points which
are key measurement points and which will be used to determine
flow and inventory of nuclear material; in determining such
material balance areas the Agency shall, inter alia, use the
following criteria:
- the size of the material balance area shall be related to
the accuracy with which the material balance can be established;
- in determining the material balance area advantage shall
be taken of any opportunity to use containment and surveillance
to help ensure the completeness of flow measurements and thereby
to simplify the application of safeguards and to concentrate
measurement efforts at key measurement points;
- a number of material balance areas in use at a facility
or at distinct sites may be combined in one material balance area
to be used for Agency accounting purposes when the Agency
determines that this is consistent with its verification
requirements; and
- a special material balance area may be established at
the request of Belarus around a process step involving
commercially sensitive information;
- to establish the nominal timing and procedures for taking
of physical inventory of nuclear material for Agency accounting
purposes;
- to establish the records and reports requirements and records
evaluation procedures;
- to establish requirements and procedures for verification of
the quantity and location of nuclear material; and
- to select appropriate combinations of containment and
surveillance methods and techniques and the strategic points at
which they are to be applied.
The results of the examination of the design information shall be
included in the Subsidiary Arrangements.
Article 46
Re-examination of design information
Design information shall be re-examined in the light of changes
in operating conditions, of developments in safeguards technology
or of experience in the application of verification procedures
with a view to modifying the action the Agency has taken pursuant
to Article 45.
Article 47
Verification of design information
The Agency, in co-operation with Belarus, may send inspectors to
facilities to verify the design information provided to the
Agency pursuant to Articles 41-44, for the purposes stated in
Article 45.
INFORMATION IN RESPECT OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL OUTSIDE FACILITIES
Article 48
The Agency shall be provided with the following information when
nuclear material is to be customarily used outside facilities, as
applicable:
- a general description of the use of the nuclear material,
its geographic location, and the user's name and address for
routine business purposes; and
- a general description of the existing and proposed
procedures for nuclear material accountancy and control,
including organizational responsibility for material accountancy
and control.
The Agency shall be informed, on a timely basis, of any change in
the information provided to it under this Article.
Article 49
The information provided to the Agency pursuant to Article 48 may
be used, to the extent relevant, for the purposes set out in
Article 45(b)-(f).
RECORDS SYSTEM
General provisions
Article 50
In establishing its system of materials control as referred to in
Article 7, Belarus shall arrange that records are kept in respect
of each material balance area. The records to be kept shall be
described in the Subsidiary Arrangements.
Article 51
Belarus shall make arrangements to facilitate the examination of
records by inspectors, particularly if the records are not kept
in English, French, Russian or Spanish.
Article 52
Records shall be retained for at least five years.
Article 53
Records shall consist, as appropriate, of:
- accounting records of all nuclear material subject to
safeguards under this Agreement:
- operating records for facilities containing such nuclear
material.
Article 54
The system of measurements on which the records used for the
preparation of reports are based shall either conform to the
latest international standards or be equivalent in quality to
such standards.
Accounting records
Article 55
The accounting records shall set forth the following in respect
of each material balance area:
- all inventory changes, so as to permit a determination of
the book inventory at any time;
- all measurement results that are used for determination
of the physical inventory; and
- all adjustments and corrections that have been made in
respect of inventory changes book inventories and physical
inventories.
Article 56
For all inventory changes and physical inventories the records
shall show, in respect of each batch of nuclear material:
material identification, batch data and source data. The records
shall account for uranium, thorium and plutonium separately in
each batch of nuclear material. For each inventory change, the
date of the inventory change and, when appropriate, the
originating material balance area and the receiving material
balance area or the recipient, shall be indicated.
Article 57
Operating records
The operating records shall set forth, as appropriate, in respect
of each material balance area:
- those operating data which are used to establish changes
in the quantities and composition of nuclear material;
- the data obtained from the calibration of tanks and
instruments and from sampling and analyses, the procedures to
control the quality of measurements and the derived estimates of
random and systematic error;
- a description of the sequence of the actions taken in
preparing for, and in taking, a physical inventory, in order to
ensure that it is correct and complete; and
- a description of the actions taken in order to ascertain
the cause and magnitude of any accidental or unmeasured loss
that might occur.
REPORTS SYSTEM
General provisions
Article 58
Belarus shall provide the Agency with reports as detailed in
Articles 59-68 in respect of nuclear material subject to
safeguards under this Agreement.
Article 59
Reports shall be made in English, French, Russian or Spanish,
except as otherwise specified in the Subsidiary Arrangements.
Article 60
Reports shall be based on the records kept in accordance with
Articles 50-57 and shall consist, as appropriate, of accounting
reports and special reports.
Accounting reports
Article 61
The Agency shall be provided with an initial report on all
nuclear material subject to safeguards under this Agreement. The
initial report shall be dispatched by Belarus to the Agency
within thirty days of the last day of the calendar month in which
this Agreement enters into force, and shall reflect the situation
as of the last day of that month.
Article 62
Belarus shall provide the Agency with the following accounting
reports for each material balance area:
- inventory change reports showing all changes in the
inventory of nuclear material. The reports shall be dispatched as
soon as possible and in any event within thirty days after the
end of the month in which the inventory changes occurred or were
established; and
- material balance reports showing the material balance
based on a physical inventory of nuclear material actually
present in the material balance area. The reports shall be
dispatched as soon as possible and in any event within thirty
days after the physical inventory has been taken.
The reports shall be based on data available as of the date of
reporting and may be corrected at a later date, as required.
Article 63
Inventory change reports shall specify identification and batch
data for each batch of nuclear material, the date of the
inventory change and, as appropriate, the originating material
balance area and the receiving material balance area or the
recipient. These reports shall be accompanied by concise notes:
- explaining the inventory changes, on the basis of the
operating data contained in the operating records provided for
under Article 57(a); and
- describing, as specified in the Subsidiary Arrangements,
the anticipated operational programme, particularly the taking of
a physical inventory.
Article 64
Belarus shall report each inventory change, adjustment and
correction, either periodically in a consolidated list or
individually. Inventory changes shall be reported in terms of
batches. As specified in the Subsidiary Arrangements, small
changes in inventory of nuclear material, such as
transfers of analytical samples, may be combined in one batch and
reported as one inventory change.
Article 65
The Agency shall provide Belarus with semi-annual statements of
book inventory of nuclear material subject to safeguards under
this Agreement, for each material balance area, as based on the
inventory change reports for the period covered by each such
statement.
Article 66
Material balance reports shall include the following entries,
unless otherwise agreed by Belarus and the Agency:
- beginning physical inventory;
- inventory changes (first increases, then decreases);
- ending book inventory;
- shipper/receiver differences;
- adjusted ending book inventory;
- ending physical inventory; and
- material unaccounted for.
A statement of the physical inventory, listing all batches
separately and specifying material identification and batch data
for each batch, shall be attached to each material balance
report.
Article 67
Special reports
Belarus shall make special reports without delay:
- if any unusual incident or circumstances lead Belarus to
believe that there is or may have been loss of nuclear material
that exceeds the limits specified for this purpose in the
Subsidiary Arrangements; or
- if the containment has unexpectedly changed from that
specified in the Subsidiary Arrangements to the extent that
unauthorized removal of nuclear material has become
possible.
Article 68
Amplification and clarification of reports
If the Agency so requests, Belarus shall provide it with
amplifications or clarifications of any report, in so far as
relevant for the purpose of safeguards.
INSPECTIONS
Article 69
General provisions
The Agency shall have the right to make inspections as provided
for in Articles 70-81.
Purposes of inspections
Article 70
The Agency may make ad hoc inspections in order to:
- verify the information contained in the initial report on
the nuclear material subject to safeguards under this Agreement;
- identify and verify changes in the situation which have
occurred since the date of the initial report; and
- identify, and if possible verify the quantity and
composition of, nuclear material in accordance with Articles 92
and 95, before its transfer out of or upon its transfer into
Belarus.
Article 71
The Agency may make routine inspections in order to:
- verify that reports are consistent with records;
- verify the location, identity, quantity and composition
of all nuclear material subject to safeguards under this
Agreement; and
- verify information on the possible causes of material
unaccounted for, shipper/receiver differences and uncertainties
in the book inventory.
Article 72
Subject to the procedures laid down in Article 76, the Agency may
make special inspections:
- in order to verify the information contained in special
reports; or
- if the Agency considers that information made available
by Belarus, including explanations from Belarus and information
obtained from routine inspections, is not adequate for the Agency
to fulfil its responsibilities under this Agreement.
An inspection shall be deemed to be special w hen it is either
additional to the routine inspection effort provided for in
Articles 77-81 or involves access to information or locations in
addition to the access specified in Article 75 for ad hoc and
routine inspections, or both.
Scope of inspections
Article 73
For the purposes specified in Articles 70-72, the Agency may:
- examine the records kept pursuant to Articles 50-57;
- make independent measurements of all nuclear material
subject to safeguards under this Agreement;
- verify the functioning and calibration of instruments and
other measuring and control equipment;
- apply and make use of surveillance and containment
measures; and;
- use other objective methods which have been demonstrated
to be technically feasible.
Article 74
Within the scope of Article 73, the Agency shall be enabled:
- to observe that samples at key measurement points for
material balance accountancy are taken in accordance with
procedures which produce representative samples to
observe the treatment and analysis of the samples and to obtain
duplicates of such samples;
- to observe that the measurements of nuclear material at
key measurement points for material balance accountancy are
representative, and to observe the calibration of the
instruments and equipment involved;
- to make arrangements with Belarus that, if necessary:
- additional measurements are made and additional samples
taken for the Agency's use;
- the Agency's standard analytical samples are analysed;
- appropriate absolute standards are used in calibrating
instruments and other equipment; and
- other calibrations are carried out;
- to arrange to use its own equipment for independent
measurement and surveillance, and if so agreed and specified in
the Subsidiary Arrangements to arrange to install such equipment;
- to apply its seals and other identifying and
tamper-indicating devices to containments if so agreed and
specified in the Subsidiary Arrangements; and
- to make arrangements with Belarus for the shipping of
samples taken for the Agency's use.
Access for inspections
Article 75
- For the purposes specified in Article 70(a) and (b) and
until such time as the strategic points have been specified in
the Subsidiary Arrangements, the Agency inspectors shall
have access to any location where the initial report or any
inspections carried out in connection with it indicate
that nuclear material is present;
- For the purposes specified in Article 70(c) the
inspectors shall have access to any location of which the Agency
has been notified in accordance with Articles 91(d)(iii) or
94(d)(iii);
- For the purposes specified in Article 71 the inspectors
shall have access only to the strategic points specified in the
Subsidiary Arrangements and to the records maintained pursuant to
Articles 50-57; and
- In the event of Belarus concluding that any unusual
circumstances require extended limitations on access by the
Agency, Belarus and the Agency shall promptly make arrangements
with a view to enabling the Agency to discharge its safeguards
responsibilities in the light of these limitations. The Director
General shall report each such arrangement to the Board.
Article 76
In circumstances which may lead to special inspections for the
purposes specified in Article 72 Belarus and the Agency shall
consult forthwith. As a result of such consultations the
Agency may:
- make inspections in addition to the routine inspection effort
provided for in Article 77-81; and
- obtain access, in agreement with Belarus, to information or
locations in addition to those specified in Article 75. Any
disagreement concerning the need for additional access shall be
resolved in accordance with Articles 21 and 22; in case action by
Belarus is essential and urgent, Article 18 shall apply.
Frequency and intensity of routine inspections
Article 77
The Agency shall keep the number, intensity and duration
of routine inspections, applying optimum timing, to the
minimum consistent with the effective implementation of the
safeguards procedures set forth in this Agreement, and
shall make the optimum and most economical use of inspection
resources available to it.
Article 78
The Agency may carry out one routine inspection per year in
respect of facilities and material balance areas outside
facilities with a content or annual throughput, whichever is
greater, of nuclear material not exceeding five effective
kilograms.
Article 79
The number, intensity, duration, timing and mode of routine
inspections in respect of facilities with a content or annual
throughput of nuclear material exceeding five effective
kilograms shall be determined on the basis that in the maximum
or limiting case the inspection regime shall be no more
intensive than is necessary and sufficient to maintain continuity
of knowledge of the flow and inventory of nuclear material, and
the maximum routine inspection effort in respect of such
facilities shall be determined as follows:
- for reactors and sealed storage installations the maximum
total of routine inspection per year shall be determined by
allowing one sixth of a man-year of inspection for each
such facility;
- for facilities, other than reactors or sealed storage
installations, involving plutonium or uranium enriched to more
than 5%, the maximum total of routine inspection per
year shall be determined by allowing for each such facility 30 x
square root of E man-days of inspection per year, where E is the
inventory or annual throughput of nuclear material, whichever is
greater, expressed in effective kilograms. The maximum
established for
any such facility shall not, however, be less than 1.5
man-years of inspection; and
- for facilities not covered by paragraphs (a) or (b), the
maximum total of routine inspection per year shall be determined
by allowing for each such facility one third of a man-year of
inspection plus 0.4 x E man-days of inspection per year, where E
is the inventory or annual throughput of nuclear material,
whichever is greater, expressed in effective kilograms.
Belarus and the Agency may agree to amend the figures for
the maximum inspection effort specified in this Article, upon
determination by the Board that such amendment is reasonable.
Article 80
Subject to Articles 77-79 the criteria to be used for determining
the actual number, intensity, duration, timing and mode
of routine inspections in respect of any facility shall include:
- the form of the nuclear material, in particular,
whether the nuclear material is in bulk form or contained in a
number of separate items; its chemical composition and, in the
case of uranium, whether it is of low or high enrichment; and its
accessibility;
- the effectiveness of Belarus's accounting and control
system, including the extent to which the operators of
facilities are functionally independent of Belarus's accounting
and control system; the extent to which the measures
specified in Article 31 have been implemented by
Belarus; the promptness of reports provided to the Agency; their
consistency with the Agency's independent verification;
and the amount and accuracy of the material unaccounted
for, as verified by the Agency;
- characteristics of Belarus's nuclear fuel cycle,
in particular, the number and types of facilities containing
nuclear material subject to safeguards, the characteristics of
such facilities relevant to safeguards, notably the degree of
containment; the extent to which the design of such facilities
facilitates verification of the flow and inventory of
nuclear material; and the extent to which information
from different material balance areas can be correlated;
- international interdependence, in particular, the
extent to which nuclear material is received from or sent to
other States for use or processing; any verification activities
by the Agency in connection therewith; and the extent to which
Belarus's nuclear activities are interrelated with those of other
States;
and
- technical developments in the field of safeguards,
including the use of statistical techniques and random sampling
in evaluating the flow of nuclear material.
Article 81
Belarus and the Agency shall consult if Belarus considers that
the inspection effort is being deployed with undue concentration
on particular facilities.
Notice of inspections
Article 82
The Agency shall give advance notice to Belarus before arrival of
inspectors at facilities or material balance areas outside
facilities, as follows:
- for ad hoc inspections pursuant to Article 70(c), at least
24 hours; for those pursuant to Article 70(a) and (b) as well as
the activities provided for in Article 47, at least one
week;
- for special inspections pursuant to Article 72, as promptly
as possible after Belarus and the Agency have consulted as
provided for in Article 76, it being understood that notification
of arrival normally will constitute part of the consultations;
and
- for routine inspections pursuant to Article 71, at least 24
hours in respect of the facilities referred to in Article 79(b)
and sealed storage installations containing plutonium or
uranium enriched to more than 5%, and one week in all other
cases.
Such notice of inspections shall include the names of the
inspectors and shall indicate the facilities and the material
balance areas outside facilities to be visited and the periods
during which they will be visited. If the inspectors are to
arrive from outside Belarus the Agency shall also give advance
notice of the place and time of their arrival in Belarus.
Article 83
Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 82, the Agency may, as
a supplementary measure, carry out without advance notification
a portion of the routine inspections pursuant to Article 79 in
accordance with the principle of random sampling. In performing
any unannounced inspections, the Agency shall fully take into
account any operational programme provided by Belarus pursuant
to Article 63(b). Moreover, whenever practicable, and on the
basis of the operational programme,it shall advise Belarus
periodically of its general programme of announced and
unannounced inspections. specifying the general periods when
inspections are foreseen. In carrying out any unannounced
inspections, the Agency shall make every effort to minimize any
practical difficulties for Belarus an for facility operators,
bearing in mind the relevant provisions of Articles 43 and 88.
Similarly Belarus shall make every effort to facilitate the task
of the inspectors.
Designation of inspectors
Article 84
The following procedures shall apply to the designation of
inspectors:
- the Director General shall inform Belarus in writing of the
name, qualifications, nationality, grade and such other
particulars as may be relevant, of each Agency official
he proposes for designation as an inspector for Belarus;
- Belarus shall inform the Director General within
thirty days of the receipt of such a proposal whether it
accepts the proposal;
- the Director General may designate each official who has been
accepted by Belarus as one of the inspectors for Belarus, and
shall inform Belarus of such designations; and
- the Director General, acting in response to a request by
Belarus or on his own initiative, shall immediately inform
Belarus of the withdrawal of the designation of any official as
an inspector for Belarus.
However, in respect of inspectors needed for the activities
provided for in Article 47 and to carry out ad hoc inspections
pursuant to Article 70(a) and (b) the designation procedures
shall be completed if possible within thirty days after the
entry into force of this Agreement. If such designation appears
impossible within this time limit, inspectors for such
purposes shall be designated on a temporary basis.
Article 85
Belarus shall grant or renew as quickly as possible
appropriate visas, where required, for each inspector designated
for Belarus.
Conduct and visits of inspectors
Article 86
Inspectors, in exercising their functions under Articles 47 and
70-74, shall carry out their activities in a manner designed to
avoid hampering or delaying the construction, commissioning or
operation of facilities, or affecting their safety. In
particular inspectors shall not operate any facility
themselves or direct the staff of a facility to carry out any
operation. If inspectors consider that in pursuance of
Articles 73 and 74, particular operations in a facility should be
carried out by the operator, they shall make a request
therefor.
Article 87
When inspectors require services available in Belarus, including
the use of equipment, in connection with the performance of
inspections, Belarus shall facilitate the procurement of such
services and the use of such equipment by inspectors.
Article 88
Belarus shall have the right to have inspectors accompanied
during their inspections by representatives of Belarus, provided
that inspectors shall not thereby be delayed or otherwise impeded
in the exercise of their functions.
STATEMENTS ON THE AGENCY'S VERIFICATION ACTIVITIES
Article 89
The Agency shall inform Belarus of:
- the results of inspections, at intervals to be specified in
the Subsidiary Arrangements; and
- the conclusions it has drawn from its verification activities
in Belarus, in particular by means of statements in respect
of each material balance area, which shall be made as
soon as possible after a physical inventory has been taken and
verified by the Agency and a material balance has been
struck.
INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS
Article 90
General provisions
Nuclear material subject or required to be subject to safeguards
under this Agreement which is transferred internationally shall,
for purposes of this Agreement, be regarded as being the
responsibility of Belarus:
- in the case of import into Belarus, from the time that
such responsibility ceases to lie with the exporting State, and
no later than the time at which the material reaches its
destination; and
- in the case of export out of Belarus, up to the time at
which the recipient State assumes such responsibility, and no
later than the time at which the nuclear material reaches its
destination.
The point at which the transfer of responsibility will
take place shall be determined in accordance with suitable
arrangements to be made by the States concerned. Neither
Belarus nor any other State shall be deemed to have such
responsibility for nuclear material merely by reason of the fact
that the nuclear material is in transit on or over its
territory, or that it is being transported on a ship under its
flag or in its aircraft.
Transfers out of Belarus
Article 91
- Belarus shall notify the Agency of any intended transfer out
of Belarus of nuclear material subject to safeguards under this
Agreement if the shipment exceeds one effective kilogram, or if,
within a period of three months, several separate shipments
are to be made to the same State, each of less than one
effective kilogram but the total of which exceeds one effective
kilogram.
- Such notification shall be given to the Agency after the
conclusion of the contractual arrangements leading to
the transfer and normally at least two weeks before the
nuclear material is to be prepared for shipping.
- Belarus and the Agency may agree on different procedures for
advance notification.
- The notification shall specify:
- the identification and, if possible, the expected quantity
and composition of the nuclear material to be transferred, and
the material balance area from which it will come;
- the State for which the nuclear material is destined;
- the dates on and locations at which the nuclear
material is to be prepared for shipping;
- the approximate dates of dispatch and arrival of the
nuclear material; and
- at what point of the transfer the recipient State will
assume responsibility for the nuclear material for the purpose of
this Agreement, and the probable date on which that point will be
reached.
Article 92
The notification referred to in Article 91 shall be such as to
enable the Agency to make, if necessary, an ad hoc inspection to
identify, and if possible verify the quantity and composition of,
the nuclear material before it is transferred out of Belarus and,
if the Agency so wishes or Belarus so requests, to affix
seals to the nuclear material when it has been prepared for
shipping. However, the transfer of the nuclear material
shall not be delayed in any way by any action taken or
contemplated by the Agency pursuant to such a notification.
Article 93
If the nuclear material will not be subject to Agency safeguards
in the recipient State, Belarus shall make arrangements for
the Agency to receive, within three months of the time when the
recipient State accepts responsibility for the nuclear
material from Belarus, confirmation by the recipient State of
the transfer.
Transfers into Belarus
Article 94
- Belarus shall notify the Agency of any expected transfer into
Belarus of nuclear material required to be subject to safeguards
under this Agreement if the shipment exceeds one effective
kilogram, or if, within a period of three months, several
separate shipments are to be received from the same State, each
of less than one effective kilogram but the total of which
exceeds one effective kilogram.
- The Agency shall be notified as much in advance as possible
of the expected arrival of the nuclear material, and in any
case not later than the date on which Belarus assumes
responsibility for the nuclear material.
- Belarus and the Agency may agree on different procedures for
advance notification.
- The notification shall specify:
- the identification and, if possible, the expected quantity
and composition of the nuclear material;
- at what point of the transfer Belarus will assume
responsibility for the nuclear material for the purpose of this
Agreement, and the probable date on which that point will be
reached; and
- the expected date of arrival, the location where,
and the date on which, the nuclear material is intended to be
unpacked.
Article 95
The notification referred to in Article 94 shall be such as to
enable the Agency to make, if necessary, an ad hoc inspection to
identify, and if possible verify the quantity and composition of,
the nuclear material at the time the consignment is unpacked.
However, unpacking shall not be delayed by any action taken or
contemplated by the Agency pursuant to such a notification.
Article 96
Special reports
Belarus shall make a special report as envisaged in Article 67 if
any unusual incident or circumstances lead Belarus to believe
that there is or may have been loss of nuclear material,
including the occurrence of significant delay, during an
international transfer.
DEFINITIONS
Article 97
For the purposes of this Agreement:
- adjustment means an entry into an accounting record or
a report showing a shipper/receiver difference or material
unaccounted for.
- annual throughput means, for the purposes of Articles
78 and 79, the amount of nuclear material transferred annually
out of a facility working at nominal capacity.
- batch means a portion of nuclear material handled as a
unit for accounting purposes at a key measurement point and for
which the composition and quantity are defined by a single set of
specifications or measurements. The nuclear material may be in
bulk form or contained in a number of separate items.
- batch data means the total weight of each element of
nuclear material and, in the case of plutonium and
uranium, the isotopic composition when appropriate. The units of
account shall be as follows:
- grams of contained plutonium;
- grams of total uranium and grams of contained uranium-235
plus uranium-233 for uranium enriched in these isotopes; and
- kilograms of contained thorium, natural uranium or depleted
uranium.
For reporting purposes the weights of individual items in the
batch shall be added together before rounding to the nearest
unit.
- book inventory of a material balance area means the
algebraic sum of the most recent physical inventory of that
material balance area and of all inventory changes that have
occurred since that physical inventory was taken.
- correction means an entry into an accounting record or
a report to rectify an identified mistake or to reflect an
improved measurement of a quantity previously entered into the
record or report. Each correction must identify the entry to
which it pertains.
- effective kilogram means a special unit used in
safeguarding nuclear material. The quantity in effective
kilograms is obtained by taking:
- for plutonium, its weight in kilograms;
- for uranium with an enrichment of 0.01 (1%) and above,
its weight in kilograms multiplied by the square of its
enrichment;
- for uranium with an enrichment below 0.01 (1%) and above
0.005 (0.5%), its weight in kilograms multiplied by
0.0001; and
- for depleted uranium with an enrichment of 0.005 (0.5%) or
below, and for thorium, its weight in kilograms multiplied by
0.00005.
- enrichment means the ratio of the combined weight of
the isotopes uranium-233 and uranium-235 to that of the total
uranium in question.
- facility means:
- a reactor, a critical facility, a conversion plant, a
fabrication plant, a reprocessing plant, an isotope
separation plant or a separate storage installation; or
- any location where nuclear material in amounts
greater than one effective kilogram is customarily
used.
- inventory change means an increase or decrease, in
terms of batches, of nuclear material in a material balance area;
such a change shall involve one of the following:
- increases:
- import;
- domestic receipt: receipts from other material balance
areas, receipts from a non-safeguarded (non-peaceful) activity
or receipts at the starting point of safeguards;
- nuclear production: production of special fissionable
material in a reactor; and
- de-exemption: re-application of safeguards on nuclear
material previously exempted therefrom on account of its use or
quantity.
- decreases
- export;
- domestic shipment: shipments to other material balance
areas or shipments for a non-safeguarded (non-peaceful) activity,
- nuclear loss: loss of nuclear material due to its
transformation into other element(s) or isotope(s) as a result of
nuclear reactions;
- measured discard: nuclear material which has been measured,
or estimated on the basis of measurements, and disposed of in
such a way that it is not suitable for further nuclear use;
- retained waste: nuclear material generated from
processing or from an operational accident, which is deemed to be
unrecoverable for the time being but which is stored;
- exemption: exemption of nuclear material from safeguards
on account of its use or quantity; and
- other loss: for example, accidental loss (that is,
irretrievable and inadvertent loss of nuclear material as the
result of an operational accident) or theft.
- key measurement point means a location where nuclear
material appears in such a form that it may be measured to
determine material flow or inventory. Key measurement points thus
include, but are not limited to, the inputs and outputs
(including measured discards) and storages in material balance
areas.
- man-year of inspection means, for the purposes of
Article 79, 300 man-days of inspection, a man-day being a day
during which a single inspector has access to a facility at any
time for a total of not more than eight hours.
- material balance area means an area in or outside of a
facility such that:
- the quantity of nuclear material in each transfer into or out
of each material balance area can be determined; and
- the physical inventory of nuclear material in each material
balance area can be determined when necessary, in accordance
with specified procedures,
in order that the material balance for Agency safeguards
purposes can be established.
- material unaccounted for means the difference between
book inventory and physical inventory.
- nuclear material means any source or any special
fissionable material as defined in Article XX of the Statute. The
term source material shall not be interpreted as applying to ore
or ore residue. Any determination by the Board under Article XX
of the Statute after the entry into force of this Agreement which
adds to the materials considered to be source material or special
fissionable material shall have effect under this Agreement only
upon acceptance by Belarus.
- physical inventory means the sum of all the measured or
derived estimates of batch quantities of nuclear material on
hand at a given time within a material balance area, obtained in
accordance with specified procedures.
- shipper/receiver difference means the difference
between the quantity of nuclear material in a batch as stated by
the shipping material balance area and as measured at the
receiving material balance area.
- source data means those data, recorded during
measurement or calibration or used to derive empirical
relationships, which identify nuclear material and provide batch
data. Source data may include, for example, weight of compounds,
conversion factors to determine weight of element, specific
gravity, element concentration, isotopic ratios, relationship
between volume and manometer readings and relationship between
plutonium produced and power generated.
- strategic point means a location selected during
examination of design information where, under normal conditions
and when combined with the information from all strategic points
taken together, the information necessary and sufficient for the
implementation of safeguards measures is obtained and verified; a
strategic point may include any location where key measurements
related to material balance accountancy are made and
where containment and surveillance measures are
executed.
DONE in duplicate, in the English and Russian languages, both
texts being equally authentic.
For the REPUBLIC OF BELARUS:
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For the INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY:
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Ivan Kenik
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Hans Blix
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Minsk, 14 April 1995
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Vienna, 22 November 1994
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